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1. one reason why there is a constant need to develop new drugs is because new illnesses are appearing all the time. what are three other reasons.

2.in a clinical trial, first the drugs are tested on animals. what are the next two main steps ?

3. what is the basis of the nuremberg code?

4. which two groups of people may not always be able to make a free choice over participating in clinical trials?

5. there are risks for sick people participating in clinical trials, but what are the benefits.

6. what ethical problems may arise when scientists believe very strongly in the importance of their research?

there is a constant need for new drugs. this is because there is a lot we don't know about human biology, there are still many illnesses we cannot cure, and new illnesses appear all the time while existing medicines lose their effectiveness. new drugs are tested on animals, but because animals' bodies work differently from ours, if a drug works on a caged rat, it does not mean that it will do the same for a human being. the only way to really know about a new medicine is to test it on people in a clinical trial. this is done by first giving it to healthy people to see if it is safe, and then giving it to sick people to see if it works.
anyone participating in a clinical trial must understand the risks and give their informed consent. this is a principle of the nuremberg code resulting from the cruel experimentation done in prison camps during the second world war. informed consent prevents abuse of people in the name of science, but the problem is that if you apply the principle literally, you cannot do research on children, people with alzheimer's disease, and the mentally ill.
prisons provide controlled environments and constant supplies of participants for drugs trials. however, the fact that prisoners often agree to do things they would not normally do (such as being deliberately infected with dangerous diseases) in exchange for certain rewards, raises the question of whether they make genuinely free choices. the same goes people iving for in extreme poverty whose need for money blind them to the risks involved.
sick people participating in a trial benefit by being the first to get a new treatment and a lot of attention. however, there are risks. by taking a brand new medicine, they enter arn unknown anrea in which it is possible for things to go badly wrong. when little is known about them, the use of some drugs like thalidomide, and more recently tgni412 can lead to disablement and death.
the other ethical issue concerns the judgement of the doctors and nurses working on trials. as healers, their primary concern is for the well-being of their patients, but there may be times when, convinced by the importance of their work and the benefits it could bring to society, they give the experiment greater importance than the patients. in one famous study in america, hundreds of men with syphilis were left untreated, even after a cure was discovered, in order that researchers could study the effect of the gisease right up until death.