Nizhny novgorod is the fourth largest city in russia, ranking after moscow, st. petersburg and novosibirsk. it is the economic and cultural center of the vast volga-vyatka economic region, as well as the administrative center of nizhny novgorod region and the volga federal district. from 1932 to 1990, the city was known as gorky after the writer maxim gorky, who was born there. the city is an important economic, transport and cultural center of the russian federation. after the destruction of the mordovian inazor obram administrative centre and fillfort on behalf of the elected osh (ashley) on the future site of the stone kremlin in 1220 small russian wooden mound was built by the grand duke yuri ii of russia in 1221. located at the confluence of the two most important rivers of his principality, the volga and the oka, and obran osh was renamed nizhny novgorod. its name literally means lower newtown, to distinguish it from the older veliky novgorod. its independent existence was under threat of permanent mordovian attack on him. the attempt made inazor purgaz from arzamas in january 1229 was repulsed, but after the death of george ii on march 4, 1238 in the battle of the sit river mongols occupied the fortress and the remains of a small nizhny novgorod settlement, which surrendered without any resistance, to save that which was developed with purgaz attack eight years ago. later, a major stronghold for the protection of borders, nizhny novgorod fortress took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers. along with moscow and tver, nizhny novgorod was among several newly created cities, fleeing the mongol devastation because of their insignificance, but grew up in (large) centers in vassalic russian political life in the period of the mongol-tatar yoke. with the consent of the mongol khan, nizhny novgorod was included in the vladimir - suzdal principality in 1264. after 86 years, his value even more when the seat is powerful suzdal principality was moved here from gorodets in 1350. grand duke dmitry konstantinovich (1323-1383) wanted to make his capital a worthy rival of moscow; he built a stone citadel and several churches and was a patron of historians. the earliest extant manuscripts of the russian primary chronicle, laurentian chronicle, was written for him by a local monk lawrence, in 1337
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